Is Extreme Weather Related To Climate Change?

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• Open Access
• Published: 05 Dec 2017

Touch on of extreme weather condition events and climate change for health and social care systems

Environmental Health volume xvi, Article number:128 (2017) Cite this commodity

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Abstract

This review, commissioned past the Research Councils United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Living With Ecology Modify (LWEC) programme, concerns research on the impacts on health and social care systems in the United Kingdom of extreme weather events, nether weather of climatic change. Extreme weather events considered include heatwaves, coldwaves and flooding. Using a structured review method, we consider evidence regarding the currently observed and predictable time to come impacts of extreme atmospheric condition on health and social care systems and the potential of preparedness and adaptation measures that may raise resilience. Nosotros highlight a number of general conclusions which are likely to be of international relevance, although the review focussed on the situation in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Extreme weather events bear on the operation of health services through the furnishings on built, social and institutional infrastructures which support wellness and health intendance, and too because of changes in service demand every bit extreme conditions impacts on man health. Strategic planning for extreme conditions and impacts on the care system should exist sensitive to within country variations. Adaptation will require changes to built infrastructure systems (including send and utilities too as individual care facilities) and also to institutional and social infrastructure supporting the health care organisation. Intendance sector organisations, communities and individuals demand to adapt their practices to amend resilience of health and health care to extreme weather. Preparedness and emergency response strategies call for action extending beyond the emergency response services, to include health and social care providers more than generally.

Background: Conceptual framework and purpose of this review

This review, commissioned by the Research Councils UK Living With Ecology Modify (LWEC) program, concerns research on the impacts on health and social care systems in the United Kingdom (UK) of extreme conditions events under conditions of climatic change.

Nosotros conceptualise the wellness system following the Earth Health Organisation (WHO) definition:

A health system is the sum total of all the organizations, institutions and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health. A health system needs staff, funds, data, supplies, transport, communications and overall guidance and direction. And it needs to provide services that are responsive and financially off-white, while treating people decently [ane].

Nosotros extend this definition to cover health and social intendance and, as proposed by other authors [two,iii,four], nosotros consider physical, institutional and social infrastructures equally function of a complex care organisation. Physical elements include built infrastructures (not only individual buildings but also networks of health care facilities and utilities and ship networks). Institutional infrastructures are comprised of institutional policies and practices, human resources and professional practice . Social infrastructures include community groups operating in the breezy sector and individual's social networks and practices.

We aimed to assess the main policy relevant letters from research relevant to care systems the Britain. Extreme weather condition of relevance here includes: events involving temperatures which, in the UK context, constitute extremely hot or cold weather; prolonged or intense atmospheric precipitation causing flooding.

We accept framed this review to appraise two sets of questions: offset, what is the evidence concerning observed impact of these events on service operability and access and on pressure of service demand on the intendance system; second, what is the evidence regarding potential future impacts of extreme weather on health services in light of projected climate change (equally projected up to 2050–80) and potential for adaptation of health and social care infrastructure in the context of climate alter. This review focuses on evidence relevant to the U.k., however we discuss in the concluding department how our approach and findings may also relate to wellness and social care systems internationally.

Review method

We chose non to attempt a fully systematic review since some formal systematic review procedures [5] are inappropriate for the blazon of problem and awarding of evidence considered here. Nosotros also considered it inappropriate to endeavor meta-assay or statistical or probabilistic assessments of the inquiry evidence because: few studies that are relevant to this review follow strictly comparable methodologies; measures of modify being used are quite diverse; some useful studies are qualitative not quantitative; the scope and scale of focus for the research reviewed is variable (including research at national, regional and local scales and various outcomes). Nosotros therefore adopted a 'structured' review approach, adapting the procedures required for formal systematic reviews.

The aims of the review were specified as shown higher up. Nosotros employed search and pick criteria designed to select inquiry related to impacts of farthermost events on factors relevant to health intendance organization functioning, for which we were able to appraise the rigor and quality of the research using quality criteria relevant to the type of (quantitative or qualitative) method used. We as well selected papers reporting inquiry related to the kinds of events and infrastructure relevant to health care functioning in the UK. We accept not included papers reporting original research and reviews focussed on other country contexts, since, although there may be 'parallel' experiences in other countries, it is important to concentrate on the climate risks and built, organizational and social infrastructure in the UK national context [six]. Some more international studies were included if they reported on internationally comparative work including the United kingdom, or proposed theoretical frameworks which seemed to have relevance to the UK setting.

The review procedure involved a first phase using an 'umbrella review' approach [five], drawing upon literature reviews previously prepared for projects supported by the LWEC Adaptation and Resilience to Climatic change programme (http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/partnerships/ride/lwec/) and past ESRC and EUFP7 (see acknowledgements). A number of cardinal reviews and assessments produced recently for regime agencies were also considered [seven,8,9,10,eleven,12,13,xiv,15,16,17]. In the second stage these reviews were supplemented past a 'structured' automatic search for relevant literature published 2010 – June 2017, on the online search engines Spider web of Scientific discipline and PubMed, using the following terms: 'climate change', 'estrus', 'cold', 'overflowing*' in combination with 'health care', 'health services'. From the results of the automated search we made a manual pick of relevant articles coming together our criteria.

Review findings regarding observed impacts of extreme atmospheric condition on wellness service infrastructure

In this section we summarise bear witness regarding the observed impacts of farthermost weather on health and social care systems in the UK under gimmicky climatic conditions.

Impacts of heatwaves

Heatwaves may impair functionality of hospitals including medical equipment and storage of medicines [8, 18, 19], and affect thermal comfort of infirmary buildings for patients and staff [20,21,22]. Structural blueprint to meet other requirements in a hospital may compromise thermal regulation, e.g. due to poor heating organisation control strategies, or prophylactic protocols restricting window opening [23,24,25, 21, 26, 27]. Mod or temporary buildings may perform worse in terms of thermal regulation than older buildings [22, 28, 21, 29]. In that location is relatively little testify on impacts of extreme heat in other facilities, such equally care homes, though some example studies suggest problems associated with poorly adapted equipment, structural design and care practices [2, thirty], and lack of awareness amongst designers and managers regarding the demand for heat management as well every bit avoiding risks of cold [31, 32]. More research is needed on the extent of such problems, especially since mortality risks during heatwaves are particularly high for older people in intendance homes [33,34,35,36]. Impact of extreme oestrus on the wider networks of built infrastructure and utilities supporting wellness care systems are generally insignificant given the levels of extreme temperatures observed to date in the UK [37,38,39].

Health care activity impacts of heatwaves in the UK depend on the wellness service response to changes in population health. In that location is regional variation in the absolute temperatures treated as critical for heat warning intervention under National Health Service (NHS) protocols [40], triggering action including additional checks on vulnerable patients. Hospital admissions for respiratory diseases increment during heatwaves [41]. During very hot weather condition syndromic surveillance data show increases in GP activity [42] and emergency department employ for some conditions likely to be associated with heatwaves, and in ambulance phone call-out rates [43,44,45] also as additonal need due to less urgent events such equally arthropod bites [46]. Heatwaves besides accept adverse consequences for patients beingness treated for other conditions including cardiovascular diseases and mental illness, though these seem non to give rise to additional demands for health care [47,48,49,50].

Impacts of coldwaves

Utility systems such as power supplies are unlikely to be afflicted during coldest conditions observed in the United kingdom [37, 38]. Other infrastructure, specially transport systems, are probable to be disrupted by snowfall and water ice, creating difficulties of access for patients needing to employ health facilities and for domiciliary care staff in reaching their clients in their homes [37, 51,52,53,54]. Ambulance response times also fall during very common cold weather [45].

Impacts on wellness service activity arising from cold waves include increased rates of consultation and treatment for respiratory conditions and emergency treatment for injuries resulting from falls in water ice and snow and the risks, particularly among older people [55,56,57]. However, infirmary admissions due to cardiovascular diseases have not been observed to increase due to coldwaves, although cardiovascular bloodshed rates do increase [58]. Individual physiological take a chance factors such as age and pre-existing health problems have been shown to relate to risk of health impacts from coldwaves and these may also touch variation in use of health services. Statistical testify for socio-economic risk factors affecting coldwave impacts is not robust [59,threescore,61].

Flooding impacts

Overflowing risks are locally variable, depending on overflowing risk zones and flood return periods [35]. Show from European countries including the UK [14] suggests that impacts on physical infrastructures supporting health services include flooded wellness facilities (sometimes resulting in evacuation of patients), interruptions to ability and water supplies, safety of and access to patient records, suspension to ambulance services, continuity of outreach and community care. Wider infrastructure systems may have a caste of tolerance of local flooding. For example electricity substations in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland should be resilient to flooding up to a depth of 300 mm [37, 38]. However, flooding to less than this depth may interrupt service access and delivery [fourteen, 37, 51, 52, 54], and areas that are at greatest risk in some parts of the UK have populations that are particularly likely to need wellness services [37, 62].

Direct physical wellness impacts of floods in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland include relatively rare risks of: drowning; injury past submerged or floating droppings, fire or electrocution; toxicity or infection linked to h2o shortages or contamination, heart attacks [9, fourteen]. There is also some evidence of mental and physical morbidity associated with exposure to flooding with potentially more long term and meaning impacts on the health care system [14, 63, 15, 35, 64,64,65,66,67,68]. It is recognised [14] that research is limited on how employ of wellness services is impacted past flooding, although analysis using data from Syndromic Surveillance systems is beginning to address this question [69].

Findings regarding potential time to come impacts of extreme conditions on health services in light of projected climate change and potential for adaptation

Research estimating future impacts of farthermost weather events in the UK on health service need faces challenges including: relative imprecision in projections for extreme weather conditions; limited consideration of local factors such as urban heat island effects; difficulties in anticipating levels of adaptation to extreme events [seventy,71,72,72]. All climate projection models depend on assumptions about the hereafter trends in factors driving climate change, including the 'emission scenarios'.

Forecasts for climate alter in the UK suggest more frequent heat waves [73] and (with less certainty) increasing fluvial and pluvial flooding due to intense rainfall and river and surface runoff [74,75,76,77]. Higher body of water levels are predicted, with more frequent littoral flooding [11, 78]. Cold wave risks are likely to reduce long term, but may go on in the shorter term, due to sea ice influences [79]. The speed of change in risk of climate impacts, too as the level of gamble, may be important for future capacity of local wellness services to cope with extreme weather. Areas of the land where the modify in risk of heatwaves may be greatest up to 2030 are not necessarily those where the probability of heatwaves will be greatest [37].

Reviews of climatic change risk assessment for the UK health sector [vii, 12] suggest futurity trends in hospital activeness associated with extreme weather and associated with population growth and aging, and predict increases in hospitalisation rates and ascension costs of hospitalisations to 2030 due to increased ozone concentrations and heatwave events. However, it is acknowledged that these predictions are not certain, and methods practise not account for local heat island effects in major cities, or possible time to come health system adaptations which might alter medical intendance models and service utilise during extreme weather events. For example, given the development of existent fourth dimension syndromic surveillance systems we might speculate whether health services might in hereafter aim to reduce emergency call outs and hospital or care home admissions, for instance by proactively mitigating excess heat related- cardiovascular mortality among the populations nearly at risk or expanding online wellness communication systems. As well we have relatively footling data on how master and ambulatory care services may exist impacted past extreme weather condition events in future. Attempts to model the cost effectiveness of implementing strategies such every bit common cold weather plans for the NHS are limited past lack of detailed information on the extent to which these plans are being implemented and targetted towards those nearly in need [80].

International research findings from other countries may give some indication of atmospheric condition that might in future apply to the United kingdom and we focussed particularly on those which included comparison with the U.k.. Research comparison changes in hospitalisation rates associated with maximum apparent temperature in 12 European Cities including London [41] showed that increases in admissions during heatwaves were more than pronounced in warmer Mediterranean cities than in Central and Northern European cities, mayhap because in Mediterranean regions heatwaves involve more than farthermost temperatures presenting the greatest physiological risks for health. These conditions in Southern Europe might exist indicative of hereafter patterns in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland as our climate changes. Nonetheless, such simplistic international comparisons may not be reliably predictive of time to come conditions in the UK, since they exercise non reflect other contextual differences among countries, such as living conditions, behavioural adaptation to extreme atmospheric condition and health service system.

International reviews of flood risks for wellness [17, 81,82,83,84,85, fourteen] evidence that the reported calibration of current impacts observed internationally is quite variable. We did not identify whatsoever original research on health system impacts of floods using rigorously internationally comparative data and including the UK. We know little well-nigh the longer term health impacts of floods in the UK, which may impact patterns of service use [86]. International findings evidence pregnant simply variable (8.six%–53%) increases in prevalence of psychiatric morbidity [86], and other reviews conclude that mail-traumatic impacts of flooding are pregnant [87, 88]; and so these may consequence in increased demand for health services.

Therefore, evidence to inform adaptation of wellness and care systems to futurity impacts of farthermost weather under conditions of climatic change in the UK remains rather limited, and this needs to exist borne in heed when considering potential adaptive strategies.

Potential for accommodation of infrastructure pattern and practice for improved preparedness and operation during extreme weather

A number of sources argue that in add-on to mitigation of climate change through more environmentally sustainable practices in care systems [89,90,91], strategies to conform to climate change are important. Commentators recommend the institution of national health adaptation plans and action involving partners in the health and social care system generally, not only the emergency response services [92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Adaptive strategies should address considerations including: long term protection by 'climate proofing of settlements, institutions and societies', equity and departure in vulnerability and toll effectiveness [35]. Beneath we summarise relevant strategies for adaptation of built infrastructure and social and institutional infrastructures, within a 'whole system' perspective.

A number of changes have been proposed for the UK, many of which relate to blueprint of individual buildings rather than whole infrastructure systems. With respect to adaptation to more frequent heatwaves, technical guidance from the Authorities may be referenced, peculiarly when new hospitals are synthetic [23,24,25]. However, increased use of mechanical cooling would undermine the NHS Carbon Reduction Strategy and contravene the Climate Alter Human activity [21, 22]. Rather than referencing crude thermal comfort maxima for building design (CIBSE) (ASHRAE) concepts of adaptive older incomfort, referencing temperatures recently experienced might exist more than appropriate (BS EN 15251) [99].

More sustainable solutions [100] including attention to building mass and orientation may be used to positive effect, every bit has been done in the past [29]. Refurbishment of existing hospital buildings could improve thermal comfort [21, 22] and solar shading options may aid to reduce internal temperatures. A low-energy new-build hospital [100] features: a building of iii–4 storeys, with courtyards facilitating ventilation strategy; air ducted through the edifice after being cooled naturally in a low level chamber; 'thick' walls; openings shaped and sized to reduce undesirable solar gain whilst preserving daylighting; single patient rooms naturally ventilated in ways other than opening windows. Options for low-energy refurbishment of existing, 1960s hospital buildings could halve their energy apply [22]. Avant-garde Natural Ventilation can be devised to motion air through a building to attain fifty-fifty greater energy efficiency [100,101,102]. Similar options for 1970s courtyard hospital designs have also been presented [28] and refurbishment of pre-1948 buildings should aim to further ameliorate further the higher resilience of this type of structure, whilst enhancing patient privacy and dignity with design features such as individual patient rooms. These options tin can be executed in stages and are likely to achieve long term savings through greater energy efficiency. They might need to exist applied variably across the country, given regional differences in climate, and the measures proposed could provide constructive solutions upwards to the 2040s [103].

For the wider built infrastructure system , adaptation to increasing risks posed by flooding is a priority [14] as well as measures to ensure continued resilience to common cold weather events. A 'whole arrangement' approach taking into account interdependencies between different infrastructure systems, is required and local level network flow models tin can assist the development of cost effective adaptation strategies [104, 105]. The ARCC BIOPICCC projection also pioneered the utilize of the NHS Strategic Health Asset Planning and Evaluation (SHAPE) toolkit [35] equally a mode to place parts of the infrastructure for which adaptation may be most needed and this toolkit now includes flood take chances data [106]. More specific adaptation strategies include modifications to equipment, such as the use of winter tyres for ambulances during cold weather condition [45], installation of emergency generators at fundamental health facilities to ensure continuity in power supplies [104], or strategic planning for hereafter shortages of essential supplies [107].

Activity for adaptation of social infrastructure should include enhanced understanding of private vulnerability and action to modify private physiological, psychological and behavioural factors, and measures to alter collective social and institutional factors.

Internationally comparative studies of individual accommodation [108, 109] advise protective behaviours to improve resilience to cold, such as habiliment and key heating, are more common in colder regions. Changes in such behaviours over time in the United kingdom may accept contributed to reductions in cold weather mortality in London [110]. Case study research [111] shows some individuals take what they consider effective health protective measures during extreme weather condition events. However, there is little research on whether such behaviour is widespread among those almost at chance in the United kingdom population, and it is recognised that public information campaigns may have limited event [7]. One U.k. study [36] cited in an international review [112] showed participants were unaware they were at particular risk due to hot conditions.

Few studies have assessed whether public awareness campaigns are effective for the almost socially isolated and marginalised groups, who may be about vulnerable, but there is evidence that many people do non do the public health advice they receive, e.chiliad. older individuals do non ever consider themselves vulnerable [106, 113]. Farthermost weather warnings tin be confusing when issued from different sources and appearing to offering differing advice [112]. It is hard to appraise whether public awareness is improving over time, since many information programmes have only recently begun, farthermost weather events tend to be rare, and the same populations may not be exposed repeatedly to similar events [112].

Institutional and collective adaptation for resilience to farthermost weather includes enhanced risk governance and professional practice, and activeness in wider society to change collective social processes [92]. Several authors call for improvements in evaluation of, and response to risks. An adaptive capacity alphabetize has been proposed, representing potential for institutional adaptation in terms of risk identification, risk reduction, disaster response and adaptive governance [2], and related research revealed that adaptive chapters was limited in most of the social care institutions surveyed, highlighting that management of heatwave related health risks for older people tends to be seen equally an issue for emergency services rather than institutions such as care homes [114]. At that place are calls for greater advancement in the health system regarding climate change issues [115] and for medical pedagogy to encompass climate alter risks so that medical staff understand the bug [116] and are better placed to human activity. Most disaster response mechanisms operated through normal, routine wellness intendance checks, rather than special procedures for extreme weather. Enquiry is beginning to evaluate early warning systems that may enhance preparedness for extreme weather [117].

Enhanced risk identification involves understanding the factors making certain groups in the population relatively vulnerable, recording information on those about at risk, and interim on the information to target relief efforts towards these groups during extreme weather events. Local indicators of potential vulnerability to climate change accept been compiled for localities in England [4, 118, 119]. Risk registers allowing community groups and professional carers to locate individual vulnerable people are of import, but increasingly difficult to maintain as service provision becomes fragmented amongst various agencies in the UK, raising questions almost data sharing, confidentiality and compatibility [113, 120]. Data from real time surveillance systems may go important to assess changes in the health and social intendance organization, issuing alerts prompting more effective response to farthermost conditions [44, 57].

The international literature argues for more integrated planning and preparedness for extreme weather condition, acknowledging the complex interdependencies involved [121], and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Chance Reduction underlines in an international context why this is important for health and wellbeing [122]. Commentators have underlined the need for interdisciplinary holistic strategies [123] to integrate robust, consistent scientific knowledge with local noesis to meliorate resilience [70, 124], to emphasise sustainability and sustainable evolution [125] as a concern for wellness and social care systems, and to integrate human health and ecology impact analysis more effectively [126]. A growing emphasis on complication theory and 'nexus' thinking [106, 127] provides frameworks that may assistance agencies and communities to develop strategies for preparedness for extreme weather that consider the networks of congenital, institutional and social infrastructures that are of import for resilience.

Local regime policies in place are not e'er effectively implemented on the basis [52, 54, 65, 128]. Sustainable care should be based on interdisciplinary research, co-production, mutualism and localism [129, 130] and local noesis needs to be integrated more effectively with ecology science on risks such as flooding [4, 131]. Enquiry reports effective approaches using local example studies [54, 132, 133, 106, 134]. Similar emphasis on integrated planning comes from the international literature [71]. In Canada, Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) was helpful in engaging stakeholders, and addressing issues of power relations between collaborating partners [135] and recent research has compared and reviewed reports of a variety of toolkits now available [136]. International literature also emphasises stakeholder engagement and locally adapted frameworks to access disquisitional social infrastructure involving connectedness, collaboration and adaptive response. While our review was not internationally comprehensive, we note examples of research in Canada [131, 137], the USA [138, 139], the UK [120] and Australia [140], with calls for coordinated activity to: reduce heat exposure; improve access to cooling; adapt the built surround; enhance surveillance and early alarm systems and public awareness communications [141]. Reviews also emphasise the need for a greater attention to equity and inclusivity , cartoon attention to the inequalities betwixt socio-demographic groups in exposures to and impacts of extreme atmospheric condition [142] and the increased care burdens that women are expected to undertake during disasters involving extreme weather events, that may exist unsustainable [132]. Collective action at local level must pay attention to inclusive representation of subgroups within communities [143].

Conclusion

This review has highlighted a number of general conclusions which are probable to be of international relevance, although hither we have focussed on the state of affairs in the UK. Extreme atmospheric condition events impact the operation of health services through the effects on built, social and institutional infrastructures which back up health and health intendance, and besides because of changes in service demand as extreme conditions impacts on human health.

Information technology is challenging to accurately forecast the likely blueprint of farthermost weather events in futurity decades, specially for local areas inside the UK. Notwithstanding, information technology seems likely that, particularly for heatwaves and floods, the frequency will increase and the pattern volition be regionally variable. Strategic planning for extreme weather and impacts on the intendance arrangement should be sensitive to within country variations. The impact of these changes on population health and health intendance systems will depend in role on adaptation to these changes. More research is needed to examine the implications of different scenarios for adaptation as well as for climate change.

The contempo literature reports on increasing employ of new methods of tracking and studying impacts of extreme weather on health systems, including syndromic surveillance systems in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Nosotros have noted arguments in the literature that it may be necessary to find ways to comprise more qualitative ethnographic information describing individual experiences, or perhaps to exist more responsive to lay reports. The growth in use of sources such every bit social media to track impacts of extreme events in real time provides one mechanism for this, which nosotros may look to see extended in countries like the UK.

Adaptation will require changes to built infrastructure systems, not just by making individual buildings, such as hospitals, more resilient, only as well by action to modify the whole network of infrastructure supporting the wellness care system, and then research on the impacts of extreme weather and resilience of utilities, transport and communications systems needs to exist brought to conduct in adaptation of health services to climate change.

Institutions and communities need to adapt their practices to improve resilience of health and health intendance to extreme weather. Preparedness and emergency response strategies phone call for action extending beyond the emergency response services, to include wellness and social care providers more generally. Adaptation and preparedness measures may exist hampered by pressures of wider trends, expressed in terms of reduced expenditure and competing demands on wellness care systems like that in the Uk, which are mainly publicly funded. We have noted higher up some examples of econometric studies which have begun to explore the cost effectiveness of measures to make wellness and social care more resilient to extreme weather.

More research is needed to assess current and futurity impacts of extreme weather condition on master and ambulatory services and how effectively national governmental advice is filtering through the health and social care organisation to bear on exercise on the ground, and to evaluate the various sources of guidance and 'toolkits' now available. Communities have an important office to play in accommodation and resilience, and enquiry is only kickoff to accumulate on how far changing behaviour and practices by individuals and communities, besides as professional carers may modify the potential impact of extreme events under conditions of climatic change.

Open peer review

Peer review reports for this article are available in Additional file one.

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Acknowledgements

Support and Advice for this review were received via following inquiry projects funded past the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK, nether the Adaptation and Resilience to Climatic change programme (and equally function of the RCUK Living with Environmental Change Programme):

- Built Infrastructure for Older People's Intendance in Conditions of Climate change (BIOPICCC) https://world wide web.dur.ac.uk/geography/enquiry/researchprojects/biopiccc/.

- Design and Delivery of Robust Hospital Environments in a Changing Climate (DeDeRHECC) See: http://www.martincentre.arct.cam.ac.u.k./inquiry/sustainablebuilding/robusthospitalenvironments. Likewise, a summary of the refurbishment work can be seen in two films, which may be downloaded or streamed at http://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1446036 (30 min version) or http://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1559781 (10 min version).

We gratefully admit advice from:

- Professor Lena Dominelli, Durham University, member of the BIOPICCC research team.

- Professor C. Alan Short, Cambridge Academy, Principal Investigator for the DeDeRHECC Project.

- Dr. Zehra Zaidi and Professor Mark Pelling Kings Higher London in respect of the following study: Rapid climatic change in the UK; towards an institutional theory of adaptation Funded by ESRC; Methods for the Comeback of vulnerability Assessment in Europe (MOVE) http://world wide web.motility-fp7.european union/index.php?module=main (funded by European union FP7).

- Dominic Hames, 60 minutes Wallingford.

- Reviewers for helpful suggestions to improve this paper.

This newspaper is a reduced version of a technical paper provided in support of a Health Report Card produced for the UK Living With Ecology Alter (LWEC) Network.

Funding

Publication of this article was funded by the Uk Living with Environmental Change (LWEC) Network. LWEC was succeeded in 2016 by the Research and Innovation for our Dynamic Environment (RIDE) Forum (http://world wide web.nerc.ac.uk/enquiry/partnerships/ride/).

Availability of data and materials

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About this supplement

This article has been published as part of Environmental Wellness Book 16 Supplement 1, 2017: Special Issue on the impact of climate change on wellness in the UK. The full contents of the supplement are bachelor online at https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/book-16-supplement-1.

Author data

Affiliations

1. Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United kingdom

   Sarah Curtis & Katie Oven

2. Edinburgh School of Architecture & Mural Architecture, Academy of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

   Alistair Fair

3. School of Applied Social Science, Durham Academy, Durham, United kingdom

   Jonathan Wistow

4. School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Hariot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.k.

   Dimitri 5. Val

Contributions

SC directed the research programme upon which this review draws and took the atomic number 82 on authorship of this review. AF contributed to the literature searches and provided expert input on building design. JW contributed to the literature searches and provided expert input on aspects of health service assistants. DV contributed to the review procedure and provided expert input on built infrastructure systems. KO contributed to the literature searches and provided adept input on geographical variation in farthermost weather risks. All authors read and canonical concluding version of this review.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah Curtis.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Curtis, Due south., Fair, A., Wistow, J. et al. Impact of farthermost weather events and climate change for health and social intendance systems. Environ Health 16, 128 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0324-3

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• Published: 05 December 2017

• DOI : https://doi.org/x.1186/s12940-017-0324-iii

Keywords

• Social Care Systems
• Extreme Weather Events
• Emergency Response Services
• Cold Waves
• Syndromic Surveillance Systems

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